Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. About this Book
1.1 Why this Book
1.2 What You Should Know Before
Reading this Book
1.3 Style and Structure of the
Book
1.4 How to Read this Book
1.5 State of the Art
1.6 Example Code and Additional
Information
1.7 Feedback
Chapter 2. Introduction to C++ and the Standard
Library
2.1 History
2.2 New Language Features
2.3 Complexity and the Big-O
Notation
Chapter 3. General Concepts
3.1 Namespace
3.2 Header Files
3.3 Error and Exception
Handling
3.4 Allocators
Chapter 4. Utilities
4.1 Pairs
4.1.1 Convenience Function
4.1.2 Examples of Pair Usage
4.2 Class
4.3 Numeric Limits
4.4 Auxiliary Functions
4.5 Supplementary Comparison
Operators
4.6 Header Files
Chapter 5. The Standard Template Library
5.1 STL Components
5.2 Containers
5.3 Iterators
5.4 Algorithms
5.5 Iterator Adapters
5.6 Manipulating Algorithms
5.7 User-Defined Generic
Functions
5.8 Functions as Algorithm
Arguments
5.9 Function Objects
5.10 Container Elements
5.11 Errors and Exceptions Inside
the STL
5.12 Extending the STL
Chapter 6. STL Containers
6.1 Common Container Abilities and
Operations
6.2 Vectors
6.3 Deques
6.4 Lists
6.5 Sets and Multisets
6.6 Maps and Multimaps
6.7 Other STL Containers
6.8 Implementing Reference
Semantics
6.9 When to Use which Container
6.10 Container Types and Members
in Detail
Chapter 7. STL Iterators
7.1 Header Files for Iterators
7.2 Iterator Categories
7.3 Auxiliary Iterator
Functions
7.4 Iterator Adapters
7.5 Iterator Traits
Chapter 8. STL Function Objects
8.1 The Concept of Function
Objects
8.2 Predefined Function Objects
8.3 Supplementary Composing
Function Objects
Chapter 9. STL Algorithms
9.1 Algorithm Header Files
9.2 Algorithm Overview
9.3 Auxiliary Functions
9.4 The
9.5 Nonmodifying Algorithms
9.6 Modifying Algorithms
9.7 Removing Algorithms
9.8 Mutating Algorithms
9.9 Sorting Algorithms
9.10 Sorted Range Algorithms
9.11 Numeric Algorithms
Chapter 10. Special Containers
10.1 Stacks
10.2 Queues
10.3 Priority Queues
10.4 Bitsets
Chapter 11. Strings
11.1 Motivation
11.2 Description of the String
Classes
11.3 String Class in Detail
Chapter 12. Numerics
12.1 Complex Numbers
12.2 Valarrays
12.3 Global Numeric Functions
Chapter 13. Input/Output Using Stream
Classes
13.1 Common Background of I/O
Streams
13.2 Fundamental Stream Classes
and Objects
13.3 Standard Stream Operators
<< and >>
13.4 State of Streams
13.5 Standard Input/Output
Functions
13.6 Manipulators
13.7 Formatting
13.8 Internationalization
13.9 File Access
13.10 Connecting Input and Output
Streams
13.11 Stream Classes for
Strings
13.12 Input/Output Operators for
User-Defined Types
13.13 The Stream Buffer
Classes
13.14 Performance Issues
Chapter 14. Internationalization
14.1 Different Character
Encodings
14.2 The Concept of Locales
14.3 Locales in Detail
14.4 Facets in Detail
Chapter 15. Allocators
15.1 Using Allocators as an
Application Programmer
15.2 Using Allocators as a Library
Programmer
15.3 The Default Allocator
15.4 A User-Defined Allocator
15.5 Allocators in Detail
15.6 Utilities for Uninitialized
Memory in Detail
Internet Resources
Bibliography
Copyright
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Library of Congress
Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Josuttis, Nicolai M.
The C++ standard library: a tutorial and
reference / Nicolai M.
Josuttis.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and
index.
1. C++ (Computer program language) I. Title.
QA76.73.C153J69 1999
005.13'3--dc21 99-24977
CIP
Copyright © 1999 by Addison Wesley Longman,
Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in
any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the
publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published
simultaneously in Canada.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -CRW- 0302010099
First printing, July 1999
Preface
In the beginning, I only planned to write a
small German book (400 pages or so) about the C++ standard library.
That was in 1993. Now, in 1999 you see the result — an English book
with more than 800 pages of facts, figures, and examples. My goal
is to describe the C++ standard library so that all (or almost all)
your programming questions are answered before you think of the
question. Note, however, that this is not a complete description of
all aspects of the C++ standard library. Instead, I present the
most important topics necessary for learning and programming in C++
by using its standard library.
Each topic is described based on the general
concepts; this discussion then leads to the specific details needed
to support every-day programming tasks. Specific code examples are
provided to help you understand the concepts and the details.
That's it — in a nutshell. I hope you get as
much pleasure from reading this book as I did from writing it.
Enjoy!
Acknowledgments
This book presents ideas, concepts, solutions,
and examples from many sources. In a way it does not seem fair that
my name is the only name on the cover. Thus, I'd like to thank all
the people and companies who helped and supported me during the
past few years.
First, I'd like to thank Dietmar Kühl. Dietmar
is an expert on C++, especially on input/output streams and
internationalization (he implemented an I/O stream library just for
fun). He not only translated major parts of this book from German
to English, he also wrote sections of this book using his
expertise. In addition, he provided me with invaluable feedback
over the years.
Second, I'd like to thank all the reviewers and
everyone else who gave me their opinion. These people endow the
book with a quality it would never have had without their input.
(Because the list is extensive, please fogive me for any
oversight.) The reviewers for the English version of this book
included Chuck Allison, Greg Comeau, James A. Crotinger, Gabriel
Dos Reis, Alan Ezust, Nathan Meyers, Werner Mossner, Todd
Veldhuizen, Chichiang Wan, Judy Ward, and Thomas Wikehult. The
German reviewers included Ralf Boecker, Dirk Herrmann, Dietmar
Kühl, Edda Lörke, Herbert Scheubner, Dominik Strasser, and Martin
Weitzel. Additional input was provided by Matt Austern, Valentin
Bonnard, Greg Colvin, Beman Dawes, Bill Gibbons, Lois Goldthwaite,
Andrew Koenig, Steve Rumbsby, Bjarne Stroustrup, and David
Vandevoorde.
Special thanks to Dave Abrahams, Janet Cocker,
Catherine Ohala, and Maureen Willard who reviewed and edited the
whole book very carefully. Their feedback was an incredible
contribution to the quality of this book.
A special thanks goes to my "personal living
dictionary" — Herb Sutter — the author of the famous "Guru of the
Week" (a regular series of C++ programming problems that is
published on the comp.std.C++.moderated Internet
newsgroup).
I'd also like to thank all the people and
companies who gave me the opportunity to test my examples on
different platforms with different compilers. Many thanks to Steve
Adamczyk, Mike Anderson, and John Spicer from EDG for their great
compiler and their support. It was a big help during the
standardization process and the writing of this book. Many thanks
to P. J. Plauger and Dinkumware, Ltd, for their early
standard-conforming implementation of the C++ standard library.
Many thanks to Andreas Hommel and Metrowerks for an evaluative
version of their Code Warrior Programming Environment. Many thanks
to all the developers of the free GNU and egcs compilers. Many
thanks to Microsoft for an evaluative version of Visual C++. Many
thanks to Roland Hartinger from Siemens Nixdorf Informations
Systems AG for a test version of their C++ compiler. Many thanks to
Topjects GmbH for an evaluative version of the ObjectSpace library
implementation.
Many thanks to everyone from Addison Wesley
Longman who worked with me. Among others this includes Janet
Cocker, Mike Hendrickson, Debbie Lafferty, Marina Lang, Chanda
Leary, Catherine Ohala, Marty Rabinowitz, Susanne Spitzer, and
Maureen Willard. It was fun.
In addition, I'd like to thank the people at
BREDEX GmbH and all the people in the C++ community, particularly
those involved with the standardization process, for their support
and patience (sometimes I ask really silly questions).
Last but not least, many thanks and kisses for
my family: Ulli, Lucas, Anica, and Frederic. I definitely did not
have enough time for them due to the writing of this book.
Have fun and be human!
